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Coercive control is a serious form of domestic abuse, which became a criminal offence in England and Wales under section 76 of the Serious Crime Act 2015. It refers to a pattern of controlling, isolating and emotionally abusive behaviour, used by one person to dominate or manipulate another in an intimate or family relationship.
Although it may not leave physical scars, emotional abuse through coercive control can have a devastating and long-lasting impact on a person’s mental health, autonomy and safety, and can be just as damaging as physical violence. It is often subtle and difficult to detect, both for victims and those around them.
This blog aims to raise awareness of coercive control, help individuals and their loved ones to identify the warning signs, and explain the legal protections and remedies available.
Coercive control is not defined by a single incident, but by a pattern of behaviour that causes an individual to fear violence or feel seriously alarmed, distressed or frightened.
Some examples of coercive control may include:
The above behaviours often occur behind closed doors, making them difficult to detect, and are used to dominate and instil fear, often without any physical violence.
Under Section 76 of the Serious Crime Act 2015, it is a criminal offence for an individual to engage in coercive or controlling behaviour against someone they are personally connected to, such as a current or former partner or a family member. To establish an offence, the prosecution must show that the behaviour was repeated or continuous, that the victim and perpetrator were personally connected, and that the behaviour had a serious effect on the victim.
The offence carries a maximum sentence of 5 years’ imprisonment, a fine, or both.
Many victims do not realise that they are experiencing coercive control until the situation escalates. Furthermore, friends, family and professionals may also struggle to identify the signs, particularly where the perpetrator presents as calm, rational or charming in public.
Common emotional and behavioural indicators include:
It is important to emphasise that the above signs are not always immediately visible or acknowledged by the victim, making this form of abuse difficult to detect or monitor.
Victims of coercive control have both criminal and civil/family law protections available to them.
Victims of coercive behaviour can report the abuse to the police, who may investigate and bring charges against the perpetrator under the Serious Crime Act 2015.
Evidence may include messages, recordings, witness testimonies, or personal diaries.
Victims can apply for protective measures under the Family Law Act 1996, such as:
If you are concerned that someone you know may be facing coercive control, it is important to listen without judgement and to avoid criticising the victim’s choices. The victim should be encouraged to seek support from a specialist domestic abuse service, and to make a safety plan if they are considering leaving the relationship.
Finally, the victim should be reassured that emotional abuse is never acceptable, and that there is professional help available.
For confidential support:
Coercive control is an often hidden yet powerful form of abuse, which can leave deep emotional scars on victims. Recognising the signs of coercive control and understanding the legal remedies available is a crucial first step in protecting yourself and your loved ones.
If you are experiencing coercive control or emotional abuse, you are not alone. Our experienced and compassionate Cardiff-based family law team can help you access the protection you need, with complete confidentiality and understanding.
Contact Us today for expert legal advice and support, tailored to your circumstances.
